It was 8AH / 630 C.E
The Quraysh had broken the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, Banu Bakr (ally of Quraysh) by attacking Banu Khuza’ah who had allied with the Muslims.
Banu Khuza'ah sought the aid of Muslims.
The Quraysh were given 3 options. They chose dissolving the treaty.
Realising the seriousness of the situation Abu Sufyan travelled to Medina to ensure the treaty was intact, but the Prophet and his companions ignored him.
After making preparations for war, the Prophet set out with 10,000 soldiers. However, the Prophet did not inform anyone of their destination.
A companion from the battle of Badr sent a letter to the Quraysh warning them about the Muslims was intercepted. He sent it because he feared for his family.
O believers! Do not take My enemies and yours as trusted allies, showing them affection even though they deny what has come to you of the truth. They drove the Messenger and yourselves out ˹of Mecca˺, simply for your belief in Allah, your Lord. If you ˹truly˺ emigrated to struggle in My cause and seek My pleasure, ˹then do not take them as allies,˺ disclosing secrets ˹of the believers˺ to the pagans out of affection for them, when I know best whatever you conceal and whatever you reveal. And whoever of you does this has truly strayed from the Right Way. (Surah al-Mumtahanah, 60:1)
The Prophet’s (pbuh) army stopped outside Makka and set up many fires to make them seem larger.
Abu Sufyan became Muslim and his house was made a place of safety.
Abu Sufyan returned to Makka and warned the Quraysh not to resist the Muslim army; Anyone who enter Abu Sufyan's house, their own homes or the mosque will be safe.
Most put down their arms, but a few (Safwan, Ikrimah, Suhayl) swore to block the Muslim army from entering Makka.
There were 4 groups, one led by Khalid bin Walid, that faced resistance, leading to 26 deaths.
The Prophet was so humbled by the sight of the honor God had bestowed upon him through this victory, he (pbuh) bowed his head so low that his beard nearly touched the saddle.
The Prophet (pbuh) knocked down the 360 idols in the Ka’ba.
The keys to the Ka’ba were given to ‘Uthman bin Talha.
At the time of prayer, Bilal ascended the Kaa’ba and gave the adhan.
Apart from ten people, the Quraysh were pardoned, including Wahshi and Hind.
“You have been my very unreasonable countrymen. You refuted my prophethood and turned me out of my house. And when I took refuge in a far-off place, you rose to fight against me. However, inspite of all these crimes of yours, I forgive all of you and make you free and declare that you may go after the pursuits of your life."
The Prophet addressed them:
O humanity! Indeed, We created you from a male and a female, and made you into peoples and tribes so that you may ˹get to˺ know one another. Surely the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous among you. Allah is truly All-Knowing, All-Aware. (Surah Al-Hujurat, 49:13)
Some Qur’anic verses related to the incident are 17:81 and 34:49
Say, “The truth has come, and falsehood will vanish, never to return.” (Surah Saba', 34:49)
And declare, “The truth has come and falsehood has vanished. Indeed, falsehood is bound to vanish.” (Surah al-Isra', 17:81)